by

Used after a passive verb to show who or what does the action.

• The book was written by a famous author.
  Kitap, ünlü bir yazar tarafından yazıldı.
• This photo was taken by my grandfather.
  Bu fotoğraf dedem tarafından çekildi.

Used to show how something is done or how someone travels or pays.

• She came to school by bus.
  Okula otobüsle geldi.
• I learned English by watching films.
  İngilizceyi film izleyerek öğrendim.

Next to or near someone or something.

• He stood by the window and watched the rain.
  Pencerenin yanında durup yağmuru izledi.
• We have a small house by the sea.
  Deniz kenarında küçük bir evimiz var.

Not later than a particular time.

• Please send me the report by Friday.
  Lütfen raporu en geç cuma günü bana gönderin.
• By the time we arrived, the film had started.
  Biz vardığımızda film başlamıştı.

Going past someone or something without stopping.

• She walked right by me without saying hello.
  Merhaba demeden yanımdan geçip gitti.
• We drive by the school every morning.
  Her sabah okulun önünden geçeriz.

Used to show how big a difference or change is.

• Prices have gone up by ten percent.
  Fiyatlar yüzde on arttı.
• Our team won by two goals.
  Takımımız iki gol farkla kazandı.

Used with units to say how something is paid or sold, or to give the size of something.

• We get paid by the hour.
  Saat başına ücret alıyoruz.
• The room is four metres by five metres.
  Oda dörde beş metre.

Used to show the part of someone or something that a person holds.

• She took the little boy by the hand.
  Küçük çocuğu elinden tuttu.
• He grabbed me by the arm and pulled me back.
  Kolumdan yakalayıp beni geri çekti.

According to a rule, a clock or a way of judging something.

• By my watch, it's already ten past three.
  Saatime göre üçü on geçiyor bile.
• Don't judge people by their appearance.
  İnsanları dış görünüşlerine göre yargılama.

Used between repeated words to show that something happens gradually, one after another.

• The students came in one by one.
  Öğrenciler birer birer içeri girdi.
• Things are getting better day by day.
  İşler gün geçtikçe düzeliyor.